Black children, disproportionately. – College Pal

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Black children, disproportionately. About twice as high a percentage of black children as white children have experienced parental incarceration (11.5 and 6.0 percent, respectively, or 1 in 9, compared with 1 in 17). Looking at just 12- to 17-year-old black children (born between 1994 and 1999), it reaches 13.6 percent, or nearly 1 in 7 children who have ever had a parent incarcerated. Given the high percentage of single-parent families in the black community,18 this statistic is likely an underestimate of the disparity, since it does not include non-residential parents who have spent time in jail or prison.
 
 
 
Poor children. Children living in poverty are more than three times as likely to have experienced the incarceration of a parent as children in families with incomes at least twice the poverty level (12.5 versus 3.9 percent).
 
 
 
Children whose parents have little education. Children who have no resident parent with more than a high school education are 41 percent more likely to have experienced parental incarceration than are children with at least one parent who has had some education beyond high school (8.2 and 5.8 percent, respectively). Note that because this measure refers to resident parents only, the education of a currently incarcerated parent is not included.Children with an incarcerated parent are more likely to experience additional adverse events The incarceration of a parent is an event included in many lists of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), along with witnessing domestic violence, living with a person who is mentally ill or suicidal, and other negative circumstances.19 
 
 
 
ACEs are exposures that are associated with increased risk for trauma, or toxic stress, particularly when they are cumulative. While some level of stress can be manageable or even positive, sustained or extreme stress can lead to various kinds of physiological dysfunction, disease, and early mortality.2
 
 
 
Rural children. Children living outside metropolitan areas are more likely to have experienced parental incarceration than those living in metropolitan areas (10.7 versus 6.3 percent, respectively).
 
 
 
Children with an incarcerated parent are more likely to experience additional adverse events The incarceration of a parent is an event included in many lists of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), along with witnessing domestic violence, living with a person who is mentally ill or suicidal, and other negative circumstances.19 ACEs are exposures that are associated with increased risk for trauma, or toxic stress, particularly when they are cumulative. While some level of stress can be manageable or even positive, sustained or extreme stress can lead to various kinds of physiological dysfunction, disease, and early mortality.2
 
 
 
 
 
More than half had lived with someone who had a substance abuse problem, compared with less than 10 percent among children with no parental incarceration. • Nearly 3 in 5 had experienced parental divorce or separation, compared with 1 in 5 among children without parental incarceration. • More than one-third had witnessed violence between their parents or guardians, and one-third had witnessed or experienced violence in their neighborhood. Less than 10 percent of those without an incarcerated parent had experienced either one. • More than 1 in 4 had lived with someone who was mentally ill or suicidal, and nearly 1 in 10 had experienced the death of a parent
 
 
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